smokingscholar. Majority of participants (68%) attempted to quit smoking within past 6 months but failed. smokingscholar

 
 Majority of participants (68%) attempted to quit smoking within past 6 months but failedsmokingscholar Title: Smoking and Overall Health Author: HHS/CDC Subject: Fact Sheet Keywords: smoking, health, preventable disease, death, tobacco use, immune systems, chemicals

Since the discovery of COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, it has spread all over the world and the numbers are increasing day by day. IJPH_1351_20. 1007/s40435-023-01341-z Corpus ID: 265197449; Semi-analytical method for solving a model of the evolution of smoking habit using global rational approximants @article{Chakir2023SemianalyticalMF, title={Semi-analytical method for solving a model of the evolution of smoking habit using global rational approximants},. We searched all published studies reporting with the prevalence and/or associated factors of cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents in East African countries. As of July 1, 2018, approximately 2,212 U. 1007/s40435-023-01341-z Corpus ID: 265197449; Semi-analytical method for solving a model of the evolution of smoking habit using global rational. . e. Color stability of resin-based composites exposed to smoke. TOP 10 NIKKI ASHTON SMOKING VIDEOS 2011-2018. The inhalation of noxious materials contained in. Background Tobacco control policies have potential to be an effective strategy for the reduction of smoking prevalence and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in tertiary educational settings worldwide. The respiratory system extends from the nose and upper airway to the alveolar surface of the lungs, where gas exchange occurs. However, bupropion also increases the number of adverse events, including psychiatric AEs, and there is high-certainty evidence that people taking bupropion are. a) Hypnosis ‐ single 2. 7 million Thai youths currently smoke 1). 2. 0%). 2 mg/dl; 11. i've been rewatching moominvalley lately. Gometz completed his medical degree at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine and holds two master's degrees from Johns Hopkins. Smoking has caused many disasters. The strong relation between maternal smoking and maternal secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure and the growth of newborn infants has been proven. Implications: We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies on the association of different aspects of smoking behavior with depression and anxiety. In addition to the highly recognized role of cigarette smoking in lung cancer, it has been implicated in many other chronic diseases, including chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. Decades after its ill effects on human health were first documented, tobacco smoking remains one of the major global drivers of premature death and disability. a) Hypnosis ‐ single 2. Key Points. Cigarette smoking is a major health risk, particularly in male South Koreans. A systematic review. 0%) and were proportionately older than nonsmokers (30. Part 2 of 2. Cigars, like cigarettes, contain nicotine, the substance that can lead to tobacco dependence. Follow. Bupropion. 8% of participants smoked again within 6 months after participation. Table 2 shows a significant effect of ORA on smoking status, but there is no evidence of a NORA effect on smoking. Introduction. Among 1,454 respondents who had smoked for ≥30 years, 58. Smoking cessation is the most effective strategy for slowing down the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and reducing mortality in the approximately 50% of patients with diagnosed COPD who continue to smoke. 2% (1–9 years) to 36. Results. 8 million adults were active smokers in the USA in 2016, representing more than 15. Importantly, we also find evidence of negative social influence, in which respondents avoid the behavior of unpopular teens. A tobacco fatwa is a fatwa (Islamic. Lindson-Hawley, et al, conducted a randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial in England to assess if gradual cessation is as successful as abrupt cessation as a means of quitting smoking. The prevention and treatment of COPD are urgent. Plant is the potential source to produce medicine for almost all the diseases. There are both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies for smoking cessation that can be applied in clinical practice. More recently, smoking has also been found to be associated with psychotic experiences in the general population. Despite declining US adolescent smoking prevalence from 40% among 12th graders in 1995 to around 10% in 2018, adolescent smoking is still a significant problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoking on lung function decline in adult-onset asthma in a clinical, 12-year follow-up study. In Ghana, though smoking behaviours are relatively more associated with adult males than. Praise be to Allah. In 2014, it was estimated that 480 000 deaths annually. 2. Questionnaires were completed by 712 university students in north Jordan to estimate their prevalence of smoking. 4. Question Which genetic variants are associated with anxiety and stress-related disorders and do they correlate with other traits?. Evidence from. Table 1 shows a lower smoking prevalence among students who have a religion (6. Interestingly, both traditional and e-cigarette consumption by non-smokers was found to provoke short-term effects on platelet function, increasing platelet activation (levels of soluble CD40 ligand and the adhesion molecule P-selectin) and platelet aggregation, although to a lesser extent with e-cigarettes []. Results. S. This paper provides a broad overview of smoking in terms of: the health effects, benefits of stopping, prevalence and patterns of use, psychological, pharmacological and social factors leading to uptake and maintenance of the behaviour, effectiveness of population level and individual level interventions to combat it, and methods used to reduce. 1 billion current smokers worldwide. Nicotine can also affect dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, hidradenitis suppurativa, chronic dermatoses, alopecia, lupus erythematosus, polymorphous light eruption, skin. An in-person cross-sectional survey on previous dental visit experiences. e. Smoking behaviors vary widely across race/ethnicity, but it is not clear why. 5 mg twice per day. . Additionally, smoking is an important modifiable risk factor for. This study extends the existing literature on the well-documented association between education and smoking on three fronts. Few studies supported a bidirectional relationship, or reported. Cigarette smoking-a crucial modifiable risk factor for organ system diseases and cancer-remains prevalent in the United States and globally. Although cigarette smoking has declined over the past several decades, a diverse landscape of combustible and noncombustible tobacco products has emerged in the United States (1–4). 54 ROS), lower respiratory tract infection (54%, 0. The substantial. There are also many other potentially harmful chemicals found in tobacco or created by burning it. 5‐hour group session using an adaptation of Spiegel (1970) and Stanton (1978) procedure. A consistent definition of smoking is important because inconsistent definitions make comparisons across studies an arduous task. Most Americans recognize that smoking causes serious diseases, yet many Americans continue to smoke. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the US. INTRODUCTION: In 2015, smoking prevalence in Republic of Macedonia was 36% in men and 21% in women We aim to assess the effectiveness and. . The majority (56. . Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the United States; however, an estimated one fourth of adults with COPD have never smoked (1). 1. special court for Sierra Leone, to define genocide in legal terms. This study used longitudinal data from 909 young adults to examine associations between substance use and the status and quality of romantic relationships. Especially nowadays. Different from any use in the past year, researchers often look at past month use as an indicator of current use. Background and aim Smoking is still a public health concern in many countries, especially among young adults. Cigarette smoking may modify inflammation that is associated with asthma, although there is limited published data on airway. “National surveys indicate that 40% of college students bingeSmoking Elegance. Tumblr is a place to express yourself, discover yourself, and bond over the stuff you love. IJPH_1351_20. University of California, San Diego is now hiring a Postdoctoral Scholar - Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences - UC San Diego in La Jolla, CA. A majority of these institutions (1,853 in total) are also completely tobacco free, and 1,790 of them report that they have. NATASHA MARLEY (. A number of recent studies have found low percentages of smokers among COVID-19 patients, causing scientists to conclude that smokers may be protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection. 6% of non-smoking patients. A total of 218 patients with a history of smoking (29. Cancer screening has the potential to decrease mortality from several common cancer types. The first cancer screening programme in China was initiated in 1958 and the Cancer High Incidence Fields established in the 1970s have provided an extensive source of information for national cancer screening programmes. adults aged 18 years or older (11. smokingscholar. Love the dangling,the VS 120 and the furtive glances she makes at usbto let us know she's onto us. 3 Smoking acts synergistically with other risk factors, substantially increasing the risk of CHD. Smokers quit and relapse several times before they eventually achieve sustained abstinence []. A 10% tax-induced cigarette price increase anywhere in the world reduces smoking prevalence by between 4% and 8%. Smoky Dreams on Tumblr. Question Among adolescents who initiate smoking after electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, is their baseline e-cigarette use status associated with continued smoking a few years later?. Smoking is the leading cause of death and smoking initiation rarely occurs after adolescence. There are studies in general populations on the predictors of smoking cessation [], but none has focused on the role of education in particular. Smoking and Men’s Health. Students who perform better academically are less likely to smoke, while those whose performance is weak smoke much more often (Bryant et al. Drilling down, we find that most of the aggregate peer effects come from the smoking propensity of the 20% most popular peers. Despite declining US adolescent smoking prevalence from 40% among 12th graders in 1995 to around 10% in 2018, adolescent smoking is still a. ClearAddressing E-cigarette Use and Vaping on College and University Campuses / page 3 . 4% for females). The cost effectiveness ratio of implementing non-price-based smoking cessation legislations (such as smoking. As a. Nortriptyline. El artículo concluye con algunas reflexiones. Majority of participants (68%) attempted to quit smoking within past 6 months but failed. Smoking brings. Recent data suggests that the prevalence of smoking in schizophrenia remains high. Application of Health Behavioral Models in Smoking Cessation - A Systematic Review. Importantly, it is. The average daily number of cigarettes. Smoking and Wound Healing. The study will evaluate the effectiveness of combining feedback about lung age or exhaled CO levels with VBA and support for smoking cessation in primary care compared to giving VBAand support alone. A systematic review. 10. Design: Prospective study. When a person smokes, nicotine reaches the brain within about ten seconds. NPR's Leila Fadel asks David M. 5‐hour group session using an adaptation of Spiegel (1970) and Stanton (1978) procedure. Crane, founding prosecutor for the U. According to Kim 13), smoking is the most important predictor of adolescent delinquency and criminal behavior, which is supported by the fact that the smoking rate is only 15. Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being put in tobacco products. These same regions also differentiated. Tobacco smoking is a major determinant of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide. 3%), and this percentage is similar among atheists (13. Her pay site went down, and her youtube posts ceased in middle 2015. Smoking cessation can increase life expectancy by nearly a decade if achieved in the third or fourth decades of life. Google Scholar helps you. 4 Smokers. The chemicals you inhale when you smoke cause damage to your heart and blood vessels that makes you more likely to develop atherosclerosis, or plaque buildup in the arteries. smoke4me1973 reblogged. Antidepressive Agents. This is a clip from Smoking Models Volume 1, from (Florida, U. not that that's relevant. . Shahab’s editorial, by addressing the impact. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases and even decrements in muscle function. Most of this excess mortality is believed to be explained by 21 common diseases that. Dr. TOP 10 NIKKI ASHTON SMOKING VIDEOS 2011-2018. ‘I Quit’ is a large-scale smoking cessation course in The Netherlands. smokingscholar. Broken bones in the hands may struggle to heal, and some fractures may not heal at all because of smoking and nicotine exposure. S. Background The prevalence of smoking among adolescents is high in Indonesia. Great attention has been focused on adverse effects of tobacco smoking on health, also early in life []. Interventions. Male sex, h. Smoking increases risk for numerous health complications, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, lung cancer, hip fracture and heart disease, and these conditions may be exacerbated in rural areas because of. Cigarette smoking is associated with cognitive decline and dementia, but the extent of the association between smoking and structural brain changes remains unclear. . Great clip!Objectives: To determine the risk in men and women smoking 1–4 cigarettes per day of dying from specified smoking related diseases and from any cause. Mindfulness meditation, which facilitates detached observation and paying attention to the present moment with openness, curiosity, and acceptance, has recently been studied as a smoking cessation intervention. CDC analyzed state-specific Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data from 2017, which indicated that, overall among U. Cigarette smoking carries major health risks with the. Firstly, and not surprisingly, smoking is associated with the development of chronic airflow obstruction. While behavioral interventions (including simple advice) have modest efficacy in. Most Americans recognize that smoking causes serious diseases, yet many Americans continue to smoke. The distribution of smoking duration ranged from 19. Great clip! Smoking has a significant impact on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Tobacco consumption accounts for approximately 30% of all cancer deaths and nearly 90% of lung cancer deaths, with recent estimates as high as approximately 174,000 cancer deaths from tobacco use per year. Introduction. Objective To examine associations of energy drink intake before and during pregnancy with risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Smoking - Health Risks, Addiction, History: Cigarettes were originally sold as an expensive handmade luxury item for the urban elites of Europe. Background and objectives: Despite reductions in prevalence in recent years, tobacco smoking remains one of the main preventable causes of ill-health and premature death worldwide. S. The second is to estimate an empirical model of the relationship. We should note that tobacco smoking is also one of the main. Follow. Tobacco use is well established as a major cause of death worldwide, accounting for about five to six million deaths per year worldwide (Jha and. Despite clear evidence of the benefits of smoking cessation in COPD, including decreased disease progression [ 1, 2 ], symptom improvement [ 3] and reduced mortality [ 4 ], 30–50% of symptomatic patients with moderate to very severe COPD continue to smoke [ 5] and, of those who make a serious attempt to quit (counseling plus pharmacotherapy. Smoking causes stroke and coronary heart disease, which are among the leading causes of death in the United States. Majority of participants (68%) attempted to quit smoking within past 6 months but failed. Answer. It is unclear, however, how common stigmatization of smokers is among adolescents or how stigmatization relates to the denormalization of smoking in their school and social. S. TOP 10 NIKKI ASHTON SMOKING VIDEOS 2011-2018. Thanks to smokingscholar for the. Nicotine. [4] Education on the dangers. In contrast, an increasing number of adolescents are initiating tobacco use. Moreover, we know that more than 8 out of 10 youth initiate tobacco use with a flavored product. 2. STUDY SUMMARY: Quitting “cold turkey” is better than gradual cessation at 6 months. This expert lady with a beast of a cough and tens of thousands of cigarettes smoked will teach you on how to become. Over the past decade, media coverage of sitting research has been widespread and the health consequences of sitting have often been compared with those of smoking (i. In addition, little is known about. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes; also known as e-cigs and vapes) are presented as a potential solution for adult smoking cessation, 1 an argument made by e-cigarette manufacturers, some physicians, and adult smokers who are in favor of e-cigarettes. The aim of this study was to assess the association between cigarette smoking and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among students in two different universities, and the potential mediating effect of depression. Key Points. Over the past decades, mounting evidence has shown. smokingscholar. #23 on THE LIST. It is suggested that a higher level of education is associated with smoking cessation, but this association remains unclear [2,5,6]. , smoke; ash) are a complex, dynamic, and reactive mixture of around 5,000 chemicals. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. gov. Cigarette smoking and asthma interact to induce important adverse effects on clinical, prognostic and therapeutic outcomes. Objectives: To provide an overview of. 0. Below are training resources offering evidence-based information and practical advice to help your patients quit. Heart disease. On the basis of current smoking patterns, with a global average of about 50% of young men and 10% of young women becoming smokers and relatively few stopping, annual tobacco-attributable deaths. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the spirometry, single-breath gas transfer (DLCO), peripheral muscle strength, and maximum exercise capacity data in patients referred to. Smoking Among College Students. Smoking causes bladder cancer. Smoking is one of the most important preventable factors causing peripheral artery disease (PAD). 2 Annually, smoking leads to 480 000 deaths in the USA, 3 and its. Health Benefits of Quitting Smoking. Health Benefits of Quitting Smoking. However, you may not be sure how to start the conversation. New Zealand’s vaunted laws aimed at making the country smoke-free will be repealed by its new center-right. Transdermal Patch is a slow. Smoky Dreams on Tumblr. In 2020, 22. From one place, you can search across many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review. Using the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium, which includes 7 international cohorts recruited in childhood and followed into adulthood, the present study was designed to confirm the important. Cigarette smoking predisposes the individual to several different clinical atherosclerotic syndromes, including stable angina, acute coronary syndromes, sudden death, and stroke. We considered 3 psychological factors in this study - depressive symptoms, novelty seeking personality, and stress, which are common among learners in institutions of higher learning. But that's how the greats seemed to go. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for respiratory disorders, cardiovascular diseases and even decrements in muscle function. Background: Mindfulness-based smoking cessation interventions may aid smoking cessation by teaching individuals to pay attention to, and work mindfully with, negative affective states, cravings, and other symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively analyze and summarize the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of smoking in PAD based on existing clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies. 8% of women. Introduction. It's where your interests connect you with your people. Around 80% of the world's 1. 3% among average adolescents but 96. 5 mg once per day for three days, then 0. 1111/j. Cigarette smoking causes more than 8 million deaths per year worldwide. It has become the fifth most burdened and the third most deadly disease in the global economy and increases year by year. The company's filing status is listed as Active and its File Number is 6589813. In Uttar Pradesh, parental smoking is associated with birth factors nutritional status and may divert household funds from food and other necessities towards smoking habits, and parental smoking was also associated with increased risk of stunting of growth and underweight children in the children. Gorzkowski, MSW, Julius B. A higher number of counseling sessions was significantly associated with a lower risk of relapse (hazard ratio [HR], 0. Paolone G, Pavan F, Mandurino M, Baldani S, Guglielmi PC, Scotti N, et al. Health policy. 1 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 37. Model fitting and selection. 1 Many studies report a positive association between smoking and mental illness, with smoking rates increasing with the severity of. 3 million adults in the United States currently smoke cigarettes . 7% of men and 7. The result is an invaluable overview of an epidemic that causes millions of deaths every year. To compare prevalence estimates and assess issues related to the measurement of adult cigarette smoking in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). improves health status and enhances quality of life. smoke4me1973 reblogged smokingscholar Follow I do think this clip is the last anyone saw or heard from Jenny Frenchie. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases with high morbidity and mortality. According to. This advice could be delivered using self-help materials or behavioural support, and provided alongside smoking cessation pharmacotherapies or not. Smoking prevalence is higher among disadvantaged groups, and disadvantaged smokers may face higher exposure to tobacco's harms. Learn more about the history and effects of smoking in this article. A single full-size cigar can contain nearly as much nicotine as does a pack of cigarettes. That includes nicotine in cigarettes, cigars, e-cigarettes (vaping), and chewing tobacco. Background: In many countries, smoking rates are higher among men than women, highlighting the importance of focusing on factors that influence smoking prevalence among men. 3% attended a 2-year college, and 32. Chemicals in cigarette smoke are leading cause of death to both smokers and nonsmokers. The prevention and treatment of COPD are urgent. nih. Objective: To study smoking habits among patients hospitalised/admitted for. Last Update: January 23, 2023. , JAMA Netw Open 4:e2118788, 2021). The reasons why smoking is haram. 10. Objective—We sought to assess the impact of smoking status, cumulative pack-years, and time since cessation (the latter in former smokers only) on 3 important domains of cardiovascular disease: inflaINTRODUCTION. 5%) currently* smoked cigarettes. One myth about smoking doctors want to debunk is the idea that there is no point in quitting because all of the damage is done. Results. Nicotine Tob Res1999:1 Suppl 2:S143-7; discussion S165-6. Findings This cohort study using data from a national sample of 8671 cigarette-naive adolescents found that youth who had used e-cigarettes. Background To prevent adolescents from becoming smokers, it is essential to understand factors that cause them to become susceptible to smoking (SS). 34135176. Lindson-Hawley, et al, conducted a randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial in England to assess if gradual cessation is as successful as abrupt cessation as a means of quitting smoking. In the United States, the reduction in smoking has resulted in a decline in death due to lung cancer in men since the mid 1980s. This comprehensive review and meta-analysis updates previous reviews with the newest estimates. Among subjects without asthma, current smokers had a 4. Smoking can raise your LDL cholesterol levels and lower your HDL cholesterol levels. STUDY SUMMARY: Quitting “cold turkey” is better than gradual cessation at 6 months. They have been propagated as a healthier alternative to tobacco smoking and a potential device for smoking cessation, despite non-documentation of their long-term adverse health effects. Introduction. 3 million non-smokers who are exposed to second-hand smoke (4). Any tobacco product use among youth is unsafe, including e-cigarettes. As far as the role of campus smoking policies on reducing student. Evidence regarding vaping as a smoking cessation tool has been inconsistent; however, there is striking evidence that vaping is associated with a proliferation in the number of smokers, especially in youth. 23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0. Xiaofang Zhang wrote the manuscript and was the executor of the paper; Lei Rao and Qinghong Liu searched databases and collected meta-analysis data; Lei Rao analysed the data; Qin Yang designed the concept of the study, and supervised, provided resources, suggestions and revisions for the article. In the three largest town. Background The effects of long-term cigarette smoke exposure on pulmonary physiology and how those effects lead to reduced exercise capacity are not well established. The search yielded 25 prospective cohort studies (N = 1. . Background: Exposure to passive smoke due to. Barefoot Smoking In Jeans. In their Article in The Lancet Public Health, Marissa Reitsma and colleagues1 report their comprehensive analysis of smoking tobacco use in young people from more than 3000 tobacco surveys from 204 countries and territories around the world. Background Smoking is a social epidemic and one of the main risk factors for premature deaths and disabilities worldwide. Population-level information on barriers and opportunities for improvements is scarce. At least it is part of a series of driving clips that were her last. 3% were current smokers, 25. Try meditation or other relaxation techniques, such as getting a massage, soaking in a hot bath, or breathing deeply through your nose and out through your mouth for 10 breaths. Aims: The aim of this study was to use Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine the causality of the association between smoking and 14 different cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). 3. Although tobacco is currently thought to be more detrimental to health based on many years of research, early research has already. 7%), ages 21 to 58, smoked an average of 36. Smoking has a significant impact on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Follow. Smoking - Health Risks, Addiction, History: In order to explain why enormous sections of the world’s population continue to smoke, given the overwhelming medical evidence of its dangerous effects, one must understand the social history of the practice, the role of smoking in everyday cultural practices, and the meaning that people attach to it. The WHO estimates that there are 1. Youth nicotine use can lead to addiction and can harm the developing brain, impacting learning, memory, and. This article reviews the current evidence on the effectiveness of. There is no cure for COPD, and acute exacerbations lead to hospital admissions and are a major contributor to health care expenditures [7–9]. @ smoke4me1973. Table 2 shows a significant effect of ORA on smoking status, but there is no evidence of a NORA effect on smoking. And don’t stop. Wheezing. Importance Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the US. Abstract. We summarized evidence regarding the effect of smoking on the number of occluded coronary arteries and the severity and pattern of CAD. 3% in delinquent adolescents. 1 Smoking during pregnancy can increase the risk for miscarriage, congenital anomalies, stillbirth, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, placental abruption, and complications in. 1. 5% of the total US population. Background Smoking prevalence is still high, which requires effective interventions that help many people who smoke at once in addition to time-consuming. Reduce caffeine by limiting or avoiding coffee, soda, and tea. Background. Maintain a dialogue. The first is to refocus the theoretical discussion of the potential mechanisms linking education and smoking on adolescence rather than adulthood. 6. Smoking cessation can benefit health; however, the process of quitting smoking is difficult to some smokers and shows its relationship to their stress level. They’d solicited this “finding” by giving doctors a free carton of Camel. Smoking, the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material. 1 – 3 Rates of cigarette smoking in individuals with psychotic disorders are 2–3 times greater than those. Approximately 75% of smokers experience relapse within 6 months []. A literature search was conducted on Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, ClinicalKey, and PubMed databases using the following headings in combination or separately: cigarette smoking, tobacco smoking, epidemiology in the United States, health consequences of cigarette smoking, pharmacologic therapy for cigarette smoking, and non-pharmacologic therapy fo.